Abstract. The number of English languageEnglish language, member of the West Germanic group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Germanic languages). Spoken by about 470 million people throughout the world, English is the official language of about 45 nations. ..... Click the link for more information. learners (ELLs) in early childhood regular and special education services has increased dramatically in the past decade. A survey was conducted with 141 early childhood administrators and teachers to examine their beliefs and practices concerning the special education referral, evaluation, and placement process for preschool ELLs and their families. Survey questions were designed to gather information about: 1) how cultural and language differences were addressed, 2) what strategies were used to ensure parent participation of ELL children, and 3) what training was available and being used by early childhood professionals. Data were coded and percentages of similar responses calculated to understand participants' beliefs, attitudes, and practices. Results indicate that inconsistencies in methods are used to determine home language and English 1. English - (Obsolete) The source code for a program, which may be in any language, as opposed to the linkable or executable binary produced from it by a compiler. The idea behind the term is that to a real hacker, a program written in his favourite programming language is proficiency pro·fi·cien·cy n. pl. pro·fi·cien·ciesThe state or quality of being proficient; competence.Noun 1. proficiency - the quality of having great facility and competence , a lack of clarity regarding the purpose of instruments used for screening and evaluating ELL children, a need for reliable and valid screening and assessment tools in a variety of languages, a need for interpreters who are trained in early childhood terms and the special education referral, evaluation, and placement process, and a need for more teacher training on meeting the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse families.
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TherapeuticBoardingSchoolStructured Environment with Strong Academic and Behavior Managementwww.LittleKeswickSchool.net********** Children of immigrant families are the fastest growing population in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. (United States Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title 13 U.S.C. 11) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. , 2003). In 2003, an estimated 33.5 million people, or nearly 12 percent of the U.S. population, was foreign-born for·eign-bornadj.Foreign by birth; not native to the country in which one resides.Adj. 1. foreign-born - of persons born in another area or country than that lived in; "our large nonnative population"nonnative (Larsen Larsen may refer to:In engineering:
Larsen & Toubro, India's largest engineering and construction conglomerate People with the surname Larsen:
Larsen (surname) See also
, 2004). As a result of these population changes, the number of children in U.S. schools who are English language learners (ELLs) has increased by more than 15 million students, making up almost 10 percent of the total school population in prekindergarten through 12th grade (Mathews Mathews is the name of several places in the United States of America:
Mathews, Louisiana
Mathews, Virginia
Mathews County, Virginia Mathews is also a person's name. See .See also Matthews. & Ewen, 2006; Meyer Mey·er , Annie Florance Nathan 1867-1951.American writer and a founder of Barnard College at Columbia University (1889). Her plays include The Dominant Sex (1911) and Black Souls (1932). , Madden mad·den v. mad·dened, mad·den·ing, mad·densv.tr.1. To make angry; irritate.2. To drive insane.v.intr.To become infuriated. , & McGrathMcGrath or MacGrath may refer to: Geography
McGrath, Alaska
McGrath, Minnesota
McGrath Elementary Christianity
Alister McGrath (born 1953), Anglican theologian
Desmond McGrath, Canadian politician and Catholic priest
..... Click the link for more information., 2004). Spanish Spanish, river, c.150 mi (240 km) long, issuing from Spanish Lake, S Ont., Canada, NW of Sudbury, and flowing generally S through Biskotasi and Agnew lakes to Lake Huron opposite Manitoulin island. There are several hydroelectric stations on the river. , Vietnamese (human language) Vietnamese - An Asian language that, like other CJKV languages, requires 16-bit character encodings but, unlike them, does not use Han characters.While normal Vietnamese has not used Han characters since the 18th century, the standards TCVN 5773 and TCVN , Hmong HmongMountain-dwelling peoples of China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand who speak Hmong-Mien languages. There are also émigré communities in the U.S., France, and elsewhere. , Korean Korean, language of uncertain ancestry. It is thought by some scholars to be akin to Japanese, by others to be a member of the Altaic subfamily of the Ural-Altaic family of languages (see Uralic and Altaic languages), and by still others to be unrelated to any known , and Arabic are among the top five languages spoken in the homes of families with ELLs (Hopstock & Stephenson, 2003). Early childhood regular and special education services have been particularly impacted by these population changes. Nineteen states experienced a 100 percent or more increase in the number of immigrant children under age 6 during the last decade, and approximately 44 percent of ELL students attending public schools are in prekindergarten through 3rd grade (Mathews & Ewen, 2006). Similarly, in 2005, twenty-five percent of the children attending Head Start spoke a language (mostly Spanish) other than English in their homes (Hamm Hamm, village, LuxembourgHamm, village, S Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, near Luxembourg city. Gen. George S. Patton is buried in the large U.S. military cemetery there. , 2006). In response to the large number of young ELL students participating in preschool education preschool education: see kindergarten; nursery school.
preschool educationChildhood education during the period from infancy to age five or six. Institutions for preschool education vary widely around the world, as do their names (e.g. and the need to appropriately educate the increasing number of culturally and linguistically diverse learners, 12 of the 38 states and the District of Columbia District of Columbia, federal district (2000 pop. 572,059, a 5.7% decrease in population since the 1990 census), 69 sq mi (179 sq km), on the east bank of the Potomac River, coextensive with the city of Washington, D.C. (the capital of the United States). that have state preschool services use ELL as an "at-risk at-riskadj.Being endangered, as from exposure to disease or from a lack of parental or familial guidance and proper health care: efforts to make the vaccine available to at-risk groups of children. " category or as a factor to prioritizepri·or·i·tize v. pri·or·i·tized, pri·or·i·tiz·ing, pri·or·i·tiz·es Usage Problemv.tr.To arrange or deal with in order of importance.v.intr. ..... Click the link for more information. enrollment of eligible children (Mathews & Ewen, 2006). North Carolina's population reflects this national picture. It is well-documented that North CarolinaNorth Carolina, state in the SE United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Facts and FiguresArea, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Pop. ..... Click the link for more information. has the fastest growing Latino population in the United States, nearly a 400 percent increase since 1990, and six to seven times faster than the national growth rate (North Carolina State Data Center, 2001). In fact, 27.5 percent of the state's population growth from 1990 to 2004 was made up of Latino families. Fifty-seven Adj. 1. fifty-seven - being seven more than fifty57, lviicardinal - being or denoting a numerical quantity but not order; "cardinal numbers" percent of the total enrollment growth in North Carolina public schools between the 2000-01 and 2004-05 school years can be attributed to the Latino population (North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, 2006). Within North Carolina and nationwide, early childhood teachers and administrators in both regular and special education are being challenged in new ways by the cultural and linguistic differences of ELLs. These circumstances CIRCUMSTANCES, evidence. The particulars which accompany a fact. 2. The facts proved are either possible or impossible, ordinary and probable, or extraordinary and improbable, recent or ancient; they may have happened near us, or afar off; they are public or are exacerbated by the speed at which these changes have taken place, thus creating enormous challenges to service providers responsible for assessing, determining eligibility, and providing educational services to young ELLs (Bevan-Brown, 2001; Burnette Burnette could be:
Dorsey Burnette (1932-1979), American singer
Johnny Burnette (1934-1964), American singer See also:
Burnet
Burnett , 2000; Rolstad, Mahoney Mahoney could refer to:
Mahoney (surname), an Irish last name. People
Roger (Cardinal) Mahony
Tim Mahoney
Steve Mahoney
Mary Eliza Mahoney
Cindy Mahoney
Tim Mahoney (guitarist)
William Mahoney
Mike Mahoney
Patrick Mahoney
, & Glass, 2005). All too frequently, children who are culturally and linguistically diverse fail initial developmental screenings. Ultimately, many of these children are placed in special education simply because of the difficulties in distinguishing learning differences from cultural and linguistic differences (De ValenzuelaValenzuela may refer to:
Valenzuela District, Paraguay
Valenzuela City, Philippines
Valenzuela, Spain
Valenzuela, Louisiana Valenzuela Spanish surname :This page or section lists people with the surname Valenzuela. ..... Click the link for more information., Copeland Copeland may refer to: Places
Copeland Islands, north of County Down, Northern Ireland
Copeland (UK Parliament constituency)
Copeland, Cumbria, United Kingdom
Copeland, Kansas, United States of America
, Qi, & Park, 2006; Lock & Layton Layton, city (1990 pop. 41,784), Davis co., N Utah, between the Wasatch Range and Great Salt Lake. In an irrigated farm area served by the Weber basin project, it produces fruits and vegetables. , 2002). The gravity of this situation was reflected in the recent reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA 2004), which now requires states to develop policies and procedures Policies and Procedures are a set of documents that describe an organization's policies for operation and the procedures necessary to fulfill the policies. They are often initiated because of some external requirement, such as environmental compliance or other governmental to prevent over-identification or disproportionate dis·pro·por·tion·ate adj.Out of proportion, as in size, shape, or amount.
dispro·por representation of children by race/ethnicity in their special education programs (United States Congress, 2004). Research indicates that although children with limited English proficiency may be able to orally communicate in English in social situations with peers and adults in as little as one to two years, the Years, Thethe seven decades of Eleanor Pargiter’s life. [Br. Lit.: Benét, 1109]See : Time skills required to be cognitively and academically proficientpro·fi·cient adj.Having or marked by an advanced degree of competence, as in an art, vocation, profession, or branch of learning.n.An expert; an adept. ..... Click the link for more information. in English may take as long as five to eight years to develop (Cummins This article is about the diesel engine manufacturer. For other uses, see Cummins (disambiguation).Cummins Inc. (NYSE: CMI) is a maker of diesel and natural gas engines whose corporate headquarters is located in Columbus, Indiana. , 1981, 2005; Lake & Pappamihiel, 2003; Tabors, 1997). This fact alone brings into question the efficacy of assessment results for children with limited English proficiency when they are evaluated for special services For Special Services, first published in 1982, was the second novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond. Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape and in the United States by . Even after the initial adjustment period, children may continue to learn at a slower pace, due to language differences or unfamiliar teaching styles (Barrera, Corso, & MacPherson Mac·pher·son , James 1736-1796.Scottish poet who claimed to have translated the works of Ossian, a third-century Gaelic poet and warrior. Although based on unauthenticated original texts, the translations influenced many writers. , 2003; Grossman Grossman is a family name of germanic and Jewish Ashkenazi origin (in German Grossmann or Großmann).
Adam Grossman
Albert Grossman
Alex Grossman
Allan Grossman
Austin Grossman
Bathsheba Grossman
Blake Grossman
Burt Grossman
, 1998; Lock & Layton, 2002), sometimes resulting in referrals to special services. In addition, early childhood professionals are faced with the task of ensuring active family participation of ELLs in a culturally responsive manner, regardless of potential language barriers. In accordance Accordance is Bible Study Software for Macintosh developed by OakTree Software, Inc.[]As well as a standalone program, it is the base software packaged by Zondervan in their Bible Study suites for Macintosh. with legal mandates under IDEA 2004, particularly the provision of nondiscriminatory evaluation and procedural safeguards for family participation, early childhood professionals must ensure that appropriate measures are taken to facilitate open and effective communication between service providers and families of ELL children (National Association for the Education of Young Children The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) is the largest nonprofit association in the United States representing early childhood education teachers, experts, and advocates in center-based and family day care. [NAEYC NAEYC National Association for the Education of Young Children (Washington, DC) ], 2005). According to according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3. Barrera, Corso, and MacPherson (2003), common problems related to parent involvement in the referral, evaluation, and placement process include insufficient methods for: 1) determining cultural and linguistic differences that contribute to or inhibit inhibit /in·hib·it/ (in-hib´it) to retard, arrest, or restrain.
in·hib·itv.1. To hold back; restrain.2. communication between parents and professionals, 2) gathering information from families using culturally sensitive processes, 3) communicating assessment results and placement options with families within a culturally responsive framework, and 4) developing and maintaining culturally appropriate methods of communication with families after a child begins receiving special services. Understanding successful strategies as well as gaps in support for children who are ELLs and their families will help ensure greater success for them as they navigate (1) "Surfing the Web." To move from page to page on the Web.(2) To move through the menu structure in a software application. through the public school system. To better understand the dynamics surrounding sur·round tr.v. sur·round·ed, sur·round·ing, sur·rounds1. To extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle.2. To enclose or confine on all sides so as to bar escape or outside communication.n. the referral, evaluation, and placement process, as well as methods for encouraging family participation for preschool children who are ELLs, the authors conducted a statewide survey with administrators and teachers in North Carolina who provide regular and special education services to young children. The study was designed to address the following three questions: 1. How are cultural and language differences being addressed during the special education referral, evaluation, and placement process for preschool ELLs? 2. What accommodations are being made to ensure parent participation during the special education referral, evaluation, and placement process? 3. Have classroom teachers and special education professionals been trained on cultural and linguistic practices relevant to the referral, evaluation, and placement process? Methods Program Characteristics All of the participating programs (n = 31) were located in North Carolina. As shown in Table 1, the programs included child care centers, public schools, and Head Start centers. Approximately two-thirds of the programs were located in the Piedmont Piedmont, region, ItalyPiedmont (pēd`mŏnt), Ital. Piemonte, region (1991 pop. 4,302,565), 9,807 sq mi (25,400 sq km), NW Italy, bordering on France in the west and on Switzerland in the north. or central region of the state. Another seven programs were in the mountains of the western region, and five programs were from the eastern coastal region. Most programs were located in urban/suburban service areas. All of the programs provided services to children with disabilities and ELLs. Participants Total Sample. A total of 141 participants returned surveys. However, one survey was excluded from analyses because of incomplete data. Thus, data from 140 surveys were included in all analyses. Of these 140 respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. , 31 completed administrator surveys and 109 completed teacher surveys. Except for one administrator, all of the participants were female. The race/ethnicity of the participants for the total sample included: American Indian American Indian or Native American or Amerindian or indigenous AmericanAny member of the various aboriginal peoples of the Western Hemisphere, with the exception of the Eskimos (Inuit) and the Aleuts. or Alaska Alaska (əlă`skə), largest in area of the United States but third smallest (exceeding only Vermont and Wyoming) in population, occupying the northwest extremity of the North American continent, separated from the coterminous United States Native (1.4 percent); Asian (0.7 percent); black or African American African American Multiculture A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. See Race. (32.1 percent); Hispanic Hispanic Multiculture A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race Social medicine Any of 17 major Latino subcultures, concentrated in California, Texas, Chicago, Miam, NY, and elsewhere or Latino (2.1 percent); white (62.4 percent); and other (2.1 percent). Administrators. Table 2 depicts the demographic data for the administrator survey subsample sub·sam·ple n.A sample drawn from a larger sample.tr.v. sub·sam·pled, sub·sam·pling, sub·sam·plesTo take a subsample from (a larger sample). (n = 31), consisting of mostly child care center directors, preschool special education directors for public school districts, and school principals. The race/ ethnicity ethnicity Vox populi Racial status–ie, African American, Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic distribution of the administrator survey subsample was proportionally pro·por·tion·al adj.1. Forming a relationship with other parts or quantities; being in proportion.2. Properly related in size, degree, or other measurable characteristics; corresponding: similar to the total sample distribution. Responses concerning the highest level of education completed indicated that all but one of the administrators had some college training, including two-thirds with a master'smas·ter's n.A master's degree. ..... Click the link for more information. or doctoral degree. All but five administrators reported being in their current job for 1-10 years, and most had worked as early childhood education administrators for more than a decade. Teachers. Table 3 shows the demographic data for the teacher survey subsample (n = 109). By far, the majority of teacher survey respondents were classroom teachers. In addition, six speech/language pathologists
Max Bielschowsky
Paul Ehrlich - (1854 - 1915)
Gustav Giemsa - (1867 - 1948) (see Giemsa stain)
Ludwig Grünwald
William Boog Leishman - (1865 - 1926) (see leishmaniasis)
Richard May
Frank Burr Mallory (1862 - 1941) (see Mallory bodies)
and four teacher assistants completed the teacher survey. While the race/ethnicity of the teacher survey subsample reflected the total sample distribution, it should be noted that the majority of the participants (87 percent) were of European Europeanemanating from or pertaining to Europe.
European bat lyssavirussee lyssavirus.European beech treefagussylvaticus.European blastomycosissee cryptococcosis. and African American decent. More than half of the teacher survey respondents had college degrees. Nearly two-thirds reported being in their current job for up to five years and another 24 percent for 5-10 years. Approximately two-thirds of the teachers reported working in the field of early childhood education for 1-10 years. Measures Two types of measures--a program administrator survey and a teacher survey--were developed to investigate current practices associated with the referral, evaluation, and placement process for preschool ELLs. A literature search was conducted to identify trends and issues related to ELLs and the special education referral, evaluation, and placement process for ELL students. Questions were drafted for each category of services (referral, evaluation, placement) to obtain information related to both ELL children and their families. A cover sheet was added that explained the purpose of the survey, included instructions for completing the survey, and asked participants for personal demographic information (name and contact information). Other personal demographics The attributes of people in a particular geographic area. Used for marketing purposes, population, ethnic origins, religion, spoken language, income and age range are examples of demographic data. were included at the end of the survey (position, gender, race/ethnicity, number of years in early childhood, preservice and inservice training). In addition, program directors were asked to provide information, such as type of program (e.g., public school kindergarten kindergarten [Ger.,=garden of children], system of preschool education. Friedrich Froebel designed (1837) the kindergarten to provide an educational situation less formal than that of the elementary school but one in which children's creative play instincts would be , private child care center), service area (rural, urban, suburban), and teaching staff characteristics (e.g., number of bilingual bi·lin·gual adj.1. a. Using or able to use two languages, especially with equal or nearly equal fluency.b. staff). Each measure was piloted with early childhood professionals, and questions were revised accordingly. Both surveys comprised multiple choice and short answer open-ended questions A closed-ended question is a form of question, which normally can be answered with a simple "yes/no" dichotomous question, a specific simple piece of information, or a selection from multiple choices (multiple-choice question), if one excludes such non-answer responses as dodging a . The administrator survey consisted of 45 questions and the teacher survey contained 36 questions. Questions concerning the referral process focused on language proficiencyLanguage proficiency or linguistic proficiency is the ability of an individual to speak or perform in an acquired language. As theories vary among pedagogues as to what constitutes proficiency[1], there is little consistency as to how different organisations ..... Click the link for more information. in the home language (two questions), English language proficiency (three questions), and the preschool screening process (four questions). The surveys included a total of four diagnostic evaluation diagnostic evaluation Workup Medtalk An evaluation used to diagnose disease Components Medical Hx, CXR or other images, collection of specimens from blood for lab analysis process questions on each of the following topics: the instruments used, the language in which they were administered, the evaluation administration process, and strategies used to meet the needs of ELL children during diagnostic evaluations. Two questions were asked about administrators' and teachers' perceptions of how language and cultural diversity needs were taken into account during the IEP IEPIn currencies, this is the abbreviation for the Irish Punt.Notes:The currency market, also known as the Foreign Exchange market, is the largest financial market in the world, with a daily average volume of over US $1 trillion. process. The surveys contained five questions to learn about accommodations for parents of ELLs throughout the referral, evaluation, and placement process. Additionally, administrators were asked six questions about the skills and training of their teaching staff. The surveys took 20-30 minutes to complete. Procedures Initially, a doctoral student recruited programs through telephone or face-to-face(jargon, chat) face-to-face - (F2F, IRL) Used to describe personal interaction in real life as opposed to via some digital or electronic communications medium. ..... Click the link for more information. interviews with the program/school administrator. The doctoral student was trained on confidentiality procedures; interviewing techniques; methods for identifying possible programs/schools from each program type (e.g., Head Start, public schools, community child care centers) and according to state regions; and guidelines guidelines,n.pl a set of standards, criteria, or specifications to be used or followed in the performance of certain tasks. for documenting and organizing recruitment activities and data entry. During the recruitment interviews, program administrators were asked if: 1) they enrolled children ages 3-4 years old, 2) they enrolled children who were English language learners, and 3) they enrolled children with disabilities. Forty-nine programs that met these criteria were asked to participate in the study. Once it was determined that a program was eligible to participate in the study, packets of consent letters and surveys were mailed or delivered in person to program administrators, who disseminated disseminated /dis·sem·i·nat·ed/ (-sem´i-nat?ed) scattered; distributed over a considerable area.
dis·sem·i·nat·edadj.Spread over a large area of a body, a tissue, or an organ. and collected them. Completed surveys were placed in an envelope to ensure confidentiality. Follow-up follow-up,n the process of monitoring the progress of a patient after a period of active treatment.
follow-upsubsequent.
follow-up plan phone calls and e-mails were made as needed as needed prn. See prn order. during the data collection process. During the implementation of the project, a concern arose regarding the disproportional dis·pro·por·tion·al adj.Disproportionate.
dispro·por responses by geographic region. Therefore, in order to ensure a statewide perspective on the topic, such agencies as the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction's Division of Exceptional Children and Head Start regional consultants were contacted to disseminate dis·sem·i·nate v. dis·sem·i·nat·ed, dis·sem·i·nat·ing, dis·sem·i·natesv.tr.1. To scatter widely, as in sowing seed.2. additional surveys during program meetings. The responses for each survey were entered into an Excel A full-featured spreadsheet for Windows and the Macintosh from Microsoft. It can link many spreadsheets for consolidation and provides a wide variety of business graphics and charts for creating presentation materials. spreadsheet spreadsheetComputer software that allows the user to enter columns and rows of numbers in a ledgerlike format. Any cell of the ledger may contain either data or a formula that describes the value that should be inserted therein based on the values in other cells. . Two individuals verified ver·i·fy tr.v. ver·i·fied, ver·i·fy·ing, ver·i·fies1. To prove the truth of by presentation of evidence or testimony; substantiate.2. the results for each item against the original protocol to ensure accuracy. Two individuals independently read and coded responses to open-ended questions to look for similar patterns and themes for each question on the two surveys. Differences in coding categories were discussed and reconciled for each question. Two sets of data analyses were conducted to examine the beliefs and practices of early childhood regular and special education professionals. First, descriptive data were examined by administrators, teachers, and for the overall sample. Second, data were examined to understand patterns of similarities and differences for each research question and area of service (referral, evaluation, placement). Percentages were calculated by using SPSS A statistical package from SPSS, Inc., Chicago (www.spss.com) that runs on PCs, most mainframes and minis and is used extensively in marketing research. It provides over 50 statistical processes, including regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. 14.0 for each multiple-choice mul·ti·ple-choiceadj.1. Offering several answers from which the correct one is to be chosen: a multiple-choice question.2. question and coded response for each survey. It should be noted that percentages for some questions exceeded 100 percent, since multiple answers were allowed. Results Referral Process Questions about language proficiency in the home language, English proficiency, and the preschool screening process were included to better understand beliefs and practices concerning the referral process. The results pertaining per·tain intr.v. per·tained, per·tain·ing, per·tains1. To have reference; relate: evidence that pertains to the accident.2. to these aspects of the referral process are as follows. Language Proficiency. Five questions about language proficiency were included in the surveys--two pertaining to home language proficiency and three concerning English language proficiency. Administrators and teachers reported the same top three methods for both identifying the child's home language and determining the amount of proficiency for the home language (shown in Table 4), including: meetings with parents at school, written forms completed by parents, and home visits. Results for the third question, which pertained to how English language proficiency was determined, suggest that observations at school, language proficiency tests, and home observations are the most frequent methods used. When asked to identity the language proficiency tests used for this purpose, administrators most frequently cited two instruments: the IDEA Oral Language Proficiency Test (IPT IPT - IP Telephony II) and the Miami-Dade Oral Language Proficiency Test. It is interesting to note that the third most prevalent instrument reported was the DIAL-3, a developmental screen. In fact, teachers reported the DIAL-3 as the most prevalent instrument for assessing English language proficiency, followed by nonspecificnonspecific /non·spe·cif·ic/ (non?spi-sif´ik)1. not due to any single known cause.2. not directed against a particular agent, but rather having a general effect.
nonspecific1. ..... Click the link for more information. speech/language tests, and the Miami-Dade Oral Language Proficiency Test. The last question asked how English language proficiency information was used. Administrators reported using this information for individualized in·di·vid·u·al·ize tr.v. in·di·vid·u·al·ized, in·di·vid·u·al·iz·ing, in·di·vid·u·al·iz·es1. To give individuality to.2. To consider or treat individually; particularize.3. planning, and to determine how well ELL children communicate and the language spoken by their family, or whether a referral was needed. The teachers' responses indicated the same reasons, but in a slightly different order of frequency with determining how well children can communicate and the language of the family the most frequent way the information was used, followed by whether further referral was needed and for individualized planning purposes. Screening Process. To better understand teachers' beliefs and practices concerning developmental screening for preschool ELLs, four questions were included in the survey, as shown in Table 5. The first question simply asked respondents to identify the developmental screening instrument(s) they use. Both administrators and teachers reported the DIAL-3 as being the most prevalent screening instrument used (46.2 percent and 53.8 percent, respectively). Administrators reported using the Head Start National Reporting System and the Brigance as the next most frequently used screening instruments, while teachers reported using the Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic (LAP-D LAP-D Link Access Protocol - D Channel ) and the Brigance. In response to the next question (about the number of times per year children are screened), administrators and teachers alike reported that the majority of children were screened one time per year (47.8 percent and 40.5 percent, respectively). Approximately 40 percent of respondents reported screening children twice a year, and a small number of respondents stated that children were screened three times a year. A few teachers indicated a combination of times, depending on the instrument used. Almost all of the respondents reported that most developmental screens were administered in English. Spanish was the second most frequently spoken language, and a few teachers reported other languages spoken, including Hmong, French, Vietnamese, and Arabic. In the fourth question related to screening, participants were asked to identify the process they used to screen ELLs more precisely. Administrators and teachers were in agreement about the most frequently used strategies, including: administering the screening in children's home children's home n → centro de acogida para niñoschildren's home n → foyer m d'accueil (pour enfants)children's home n language; having an interpreter A high-level programming language translator that translates and runs the program at the same time. It translates one program statement into machine language, executes it, and then proceeds to the next statement. assist with the screening; administering missed items in the opposite language; and administering the screen in English only. Sixty percent of administrators and 49 percent of teachers indicated that interpreters received training related to the screening process. Diagnostic Evaluation Process. Four questions about the diagnostic evaluation process were included in the survey, as shown in Table 6. First, participants were asked to identify the language(s) in which the diagnostic evaluations were administered. The responses were similar to those about the screening responses, with participants indicating that most diagnostic evaluations are administered in English, followed by Spanish, and then other languages (Arabic, French, Hmong, Icelandic, and Vietnamese). Second, participants were asked to identify the diagnostic assessment instruments used during the evaluation process. Approximately one-fifth of both administrators and teachers reported the Preschool Language Scale-4 as being the most prevalent instrument used during the diagnostic evaluation process. Administrators reported the DIAL3 and Bayley Bayley is a surname, and may refer to:
Arthur Wellesley Bayley
Barrington J. Bayley
Blaze Bayley
Elizabeth Ann Seton, born Elizabeth Ann Bayley
Hugh Bayley
Ian Bayley
James Roosevelt Bayley
John Bayley
Matheson Bayley
Peter Bayley
Scales of Infant Development-Third Edition as the next most frequently used instruments. Teachers reported the DIAL-3, even though it is a screening tool, as the most frequently used instrument used for diagnostic evaluations, followed by the Learning Accomplishment Profile-Revised (LAP-R)/Learning Accomplishment Profile-Third Edition (LAP-3). Next, participants were asked to indicate other strategies used to gather information during the diagnostic evaluation process. By far, both administrators and teachers (74.2 percent and 88.4 percent, respectively) reported classroom observations as the most prevalent method for obtaining information relevant to the diagnostic evaluation process. To a lesser extent, screening tools and parent reports, work samples, and home visits were other methods used to gather evaluation information. Lastly, respondents were asked to describe the process used for diagnostic evaluation of ELLs. Administrators and teachers reported three main strategies used to facilitate this process: administering assessments in children's home language, having an interpreter assist with the screening, and administering missed items in the opposite language. Forty-two percent of administrators and 27 percent of teachers stated that interpreters received training related to assisting with the diagnostic evaluation process. Placement-IEP Process. As depicted de·pict tr.v. de·pict·ed, de·pict·ing, de·picts1. To represent in a picture or sculpture.2. To represent in words; describe. See Synonyms at represent. in Table 7, participants were asked how IEP goals reflected the culture of ELL children. Forty percent of the teachers reported they did not know the answer to this question. Of the remaining 60 percent, approximately 40 percent of both administrators and teachers reported that cultural and language differences were taken into account in the children's IEPs. Almost 30 percent of administrators and 20 percent of teachers reported that parent participation helped ensure this aspect in the IEP goals. Unfortunately, nearly a quarter of the administrators and 18 percent of teachers said no effort was made to reflect cultural and linguistic differences in IEPs.
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TherapeuticBoardingSchoolStructured Environment with Strong Academic and Behavior Managementwww.LittleKeswickSchool.net********** Children of immigrant families are the fastest growing population in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. (United States Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title 13 U.S.C. 11) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. , 2003). In 2003, an estimated 33.5 million people, or nearly 12 percent of the U.S. population, was foreign-born for·eign-bornadj.Foreign by birth; not native to the country in which one resides.Adj. 1. foreign-born - of persons born in another area or country than that lived in; "our large nonnative population"nonnative (Larsen Larsen may refer to:In engineering:
Larsen & Toubro, India's largest engineering and construction conglomerate People with the surname Larsen:
Larsen (surname) See also
, 2004). As a result of these population changes, the number of children in U.S. schools who are English language learners (ELLs) has increased by more than 15 million students, making up almost 10 percent of the total school population in prekindergarten through 12th grade (Mathews Mathews is the name of several places in the United States of America:
Mathews, Louisiana
Mathews, Virginia
Mathews County, Virginia Mathews is also a person's name. See .See also Matthews. & Ewen, 2006; Meyer Mey·er , Annie Florance Nathan 1867-1951.American writer and a founder of Barnard College at Columbia University (1889). Her plays include The Dominant Sex (1911) and Black Souls (1932). , Madden mad·den v. mad·dened, mad·den·ing, mad·densv.tr.1. To make angry; irritate.2. To drive insane.v.intr.To become infuriated. , & McGrathMcGrath or MacGrath may refer to: Geography
McGrath, Alaska
McGrath, Minnesota
McGrath Elementary Christianity
Alister McGrath (born 1953), Anglican theologian
Desmond McGrath, Canadian politician and Catholic priest
..... Click the link for more information., 2004). Spanish Spanish, river, c.150 mi (240 km) long, issuing from Spanish Lake, S Ont., Canada, NW of Sudbury, and flowing generally S through Biskotasi and Agnew lakes to Lake Huron opposite Manitoulin island. There are several hydroelectric stations on the river. , Vietnamese (human language) Vietnamese - An Asian language that, like other CJKV languages, requires 16-bit character encodings but, unlike them, does not use Han characters.While normal Vietnamese has not used Han characters since the 18th century, the standards TCVN 5773 and TCVN , Hmong HmongMountain-dwelling peoples of China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand who speak Hmong-Mien languages. There are also émigré communities in the U.S., France, and elsewhere. , Korean Korean, language of uncertain ancestry. It is thought by some scholars to be akin to Japanese, by others to be a member of the Altaic subfamily of the Ural-Altaic family of languages (see Uralic and Altaic languages), and by still others to be unrelated to any known , and Arabic are among the top five languages spoken in the homes of families with ELLs (Hopstock & Stephenson, 2003). Early childhood regular and special education services have been particularly impacted by these population changes. Nineteen states experienced a 100 percent or more increase in the number of immigrant children under age 6 during the last decade, and approximately 44 percent of ELL students attending public schools are in prekindergarten through 3rd grade (Mathews & Ewen, 2006). Similarly, in 2005, twenty-five percent of the children attending Head Start spoke a language (mostly Spanish) other than English in their homes (Hamm Hamm, village, LuxembourgHamm, village, S Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, near Luxembourg city. Gen. George S. Patton is buried in the large U.S. military cemetery there. , 2006). In response to the large number of young ELL students participating in preschool education preschool education: see kindergarten; nursery school.
preschool educationChildhood education during the period from infancy to age five or six. Institutions for preschool education vary widely around the world, as do their names (e.g. and the need to appropriately educate the increasing number of culturally and linguistically diverse learners, 12 of the 38 states and the District of Columbia District of Columbia, federal district (2000 pop. 572,059, a 5.7% decrease in population since the 1990 census), 69 sq mi (179 sq km), on the east bank of the Potomac River, coextensive with the city of Washington, D.C. (the capital of the United States). that have state preschool services use ELL as an "at-risk at-riskadj.Being endangered, as from exposure to disease or from a lack of parental or familial guidance and proper health care: efforts to make the vaccine available to at-risk groups of children. " category or as a factor to prioritizepri·or·i·tize v. pri·or·i·tized, pri·or·i·tiz·ing, pri·or·i·tiz·es Usage Problemv.tr.To arrange or deal with in order of importance.v.intr. ..... Click the link for more information. enrollment of eligible children (Mathews & Ewen, 2006). North Carolina's population reflects this national picture. It is well-documented that North CarolinaNorth Carolina, state in the SE United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Facts and FiguresArea, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Pop. ..... Click the link for more information. has the fastest growing Latino population in the United States, nearly a 400 percent increase since 1990, and six to seven times faster than the national growth rate (North Carolina State Data Center, 2001). In fact, 27.5 percent of the state's population growth from 1990 to 2004 was made up of Latino families. Fifty-seven Adj. 1. fifty-seven - being seven more than fifty57, lviicardinal - being or denoting a numerical quantity but not order; "cardinal numbers" percent of the total enrollment growth in North Carolina public schools between the 2000-01 and 2004-05 school years can be attributed to the Latino population (North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, 2006). Within North Carolina and nationwide, early childhood teachers and administrators in both regular and special education are being challenged in new ways by the cultural and linguistic differences of ELLs. These circumstances CIRCUMSTANCES, evidence. The particulars which accompany a fact. 2. The facts proved are either possible or impossible, ordinary and probable, or extraordinary and improbable, recent or ancient; they may have happened near us, or afar off; they are public or are exacerbated by the speed at which these changes have taken place, thus creating enormous challenges to service providers responsible for assessing, determining eligibility, and providing educational services to young ELLs (Bevan-Brown, 2001; Burnette Burnette could be:
Dorsey Burnette (1932-1979), American singer
Johnny Burnette (1934-1964), American singer See also:
Burnet
Burnett , 2000; Rolstad, Mahoney Mahoney could refer to:
Mahoney (surname), an Irish last name. People
Roger (Cardinal) Mahony
Tim Mahoney
Steve Mahoney
Mary Eliza Mahoney
Cindy Mahoney
Tim Mahoney (guitarist)
William Mahoney
Mike Mahoney
Patrick Mahoney
, & Glass, 2005). All too frequently, children who are culturally and linguistically diverse fail initial developmental screenings. Ultimately, many of these children are placed in special education simply because of the difficulties in distinguishing learning differences from cultural and linguistic differences (De ValenzuelaValenzuela may refer to:
Valenzuela District, Paraguay
Valenzuela City, Philippines
Valenzuela, Spain
Valenzuela, Louisiana Valenzuela Spanish surname :This page or section lists people with the surname Valenzuela. ..... Click the link for more information., Copeland Copeland may refer to: Places
Copeland Islands, north of County Down, Northern Ireland
Copeland (UK Parliament constituency)
Copeland, Cumbria, United Kingdom
Copeland, Kansas, United States of America
, Qi, & Park, 2006; Lock & Layton Layton, city (1990 pop. 41,784), Davis co., N Utah, between the Wasatch Range and Great Salt Lake. In an irrigated farm area served by the Weber basin project, it produces fruits and vegetables. , 2002). The gravity of this situation was reflected in the recent reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA 2004), which now requires states to develop policies and procedures Policies and Procedures are a set of documents that describe an organization's policies for operation and the procedures necessary to fulfill the policies. They are often initiated because of some external requirement, such as environmental compliance or other governmental to prevent over-identification or disproportionate dis·pro·por·tion·ate adj.Out of proportion, as in size, shape, or amount.
dispro·por representation of children by race/ethnicity in their special education programs (United States Congress, 2004). Research indicates that although children with limited English proficiency may be able to orally communicate in English in social situations with peers and adults in as little as one to two years, the Years, Thethe seven decades of Eleanor Pargiter’s life. [Br. Lit.: Benét, 1109]See : Time skills required to be cognitively and academically proficientpro·fi·cient adj.Having or marked by an advanced degree of competence, as in an art, vocation, profession, or branch of learning.n.An expert; an adept. ..... Click the link for more information. in English may take as long as five to eight years to develop (Cummins This article is about the diesel engine manufacturer. For other uses, see Cummins (disambiguation).Cummins Inc. (NYSE: CMI) is a maker of diesel and natural gas engines whose corporate headquarters is located in Columbus, Indiana. , 1981, 2005; Lake & Pappamihiel, 2003; Tabors, 1997). This fact alone brings into question the efficacy of assessment results for children with limited English proficiency when they are evaluated for special services For Special Services, first published in 1982, was the second novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond. Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape and in the United States by . Even after the initial adjustment period, children may continue to learn at a slower pace, due to language differences or unfamiliar teaching styles (Barrera, Corso, & MacPherson Mac·pher·son , James 1736-1796.Scottish poet who claimed to have translated the works of Ossian, a third-century Gaelic poet and warrior. Although based on unauthenticated original texts, the translations influenced many writers. , 2003; Grossman Grossman is a family name of germanic and Jewish Ashkenazi origin (in German Grossmann or Großmann).
Adam Grossman
Albert Grossman
Alex Grossman
Allan Grossman
Austin Grossman
Bathsheba Grossman
Blake Grossman
Burt Grossman
, 1998; Lock & Layton, 2002), sometimes resulting in referrals to special services. In addition, early childhood professionals are faced with the task of ensuring active family participation of ELLs in a culturally responsive manner, regardless of potential language barriers. In accordance Accordance is Bible Study Software for Macintosh developed by OakTree Software, Inc.[]As well as a standalone program, it is the base software packaged by Zondervan in their Bible Study suites for Macintosh. with legal mandates under IDEA 2004, particularly the provision of nondiscriminatory evaluation and procedural safeguards for family participation, early childhood professionals must ensure that appropriate measures are taken to facilitate open and effective communication between service providers and families of ELL children (National Association for the Education of Young Children The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) is the largest nonprofit association in the United States representing early childhood education teachers, experts, and advocates in center-based and family day care. [NAEYC NAEYC National Association for the Education of Young Children (Washington, DC) ], 2005). According to according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3. Barrera, Corso, and MacPherson (2003), common problems related to parent involvement in the referral, evaluation, and placement process include insufficient methods for: 1) determining cultural and linguistic differences that contribute to or inhibit inhibit /in·hib·it/ (in-hib´it) to retard, arrest, or restrain.
in·hib·itv.1. To hold back; restrain.2. communication between parents and professionals, 2) gathering information from families using culturally sensitive processes, 3) communicating assessment results and placement options with families within a culturally responsive framework, and 4) developing and maintaining culturally appropriate methods of communication with families after a child begins receiving special services. Understanding successful strategies as well as gaps in support for children who are ELLs and their families will help ensure greater success for them as they navigate (1) "Surfing the Web." To move from page to page on the Web.(2) To move through the menu structure in a software application. through the public school system. To better understand the dynamics surrounding sur·round tr.v. sur·round·ed, sur·round·ing, sur·rounds1. To extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle.2. To enclose or confine on all sides so as to bar escape or outside communication.n. the referral, evaluation, and placement process, as well as methods for encouraging family participation for preschool children who are ELLs, the authors conducted a statewide survey with administrators and teachers in North Carolina who provide regular and special education services to young children. The study was designed to address the following three questions: 1. How are cultural and language differences being addressed during the special education referral, evaluation, and placement process for preschool ELLs? 2. What accommodations are being made to ensure parent participation during the special education referral, evaluation, and placement process? 3. Have classroom teachers and special education professionals been trained on cultural and linguistic practices relevant to the referral, evaluation, and placement process? Methods Program Characteristics All of the participating programs (n = 31) were located in North Carolina. As shown in Table 1, the programs included child care centers, public schools, and Head Start centers. Approximately two-thirds of the programs were located in the Piedmont Piedmont, region, ItalyPiedmont (pēd`mŏnt), Ital. Piemonte, region (1991 pop. 4,302,565), 9,807 sq mi (25,400 sq km), NW Italy, bordering on France in the west and on Switzerland in the north. or central region of the state. Another seven programs were in the mountains of the western region, and five programs were from the eastern coastal region. Most programs were located in urban/suburban service areas. All of the programs provided services to children with disabilities and ELLs. Participants Total Sample. A total of 141 participants returned surveys. However, one survey was excluded from analyses because of incomplete data. Thus, data from 140 surveys were included in all analyses. Of these 140 respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. , 31 completed administrator surveys and 109 completed teacher surveys. Except for one administrator, all of the participants were female. The race/ethnicity of the participants for the total sample included: American Indian American Indian or Native American or Amerindian or indigenous AmericanAny member of the various aboriginal peoples of the Western Hemisphere, with the exception of the Eskimos (Inuit) and the Aleuts. or Alaska Alaska (əlă`skə), largest in area of the United States but third smallest (exceeding only Vermont and Wyoming) in population, occupying the northwest extremity of the North American continent, separated from the coterminous United States Native (1.4 percent); Asian (0.7 percent); black or African American African American Multiculture A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. See Race. (32.1 percent); Hispanic Hispanic Multiculture A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race Social medicine Any of 17 major Latino subcultures, concentrated in California, Texas, Chicago, Miam, NY, and elsewhere or Latino (2.1 percent); white (62.4 percent); and other (2.1 percent). Administrators. Table 2 depicts the demographic data for the administrator survey subsample sub·sam·ple n.A sample drawn from a larger sample.tr.v. sub·sam·pled, sub·sam·pling, sub·sam·plesTo take a subsample from (a larger sample). (n = 31), consisting of mostly child care center directors, preschool special education directors for public school districts, and school principals. The race/ ethnicity ethnicity Vox populi Racial status–ie, African American, Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic distribution of the administrator survey subsample was proportionally pro·por·tion·al adj.1. Forming a relationship with other parts or quantities; being in proportion.2. Properly related in size, degree, or other measurable characteristics; corresponding: similar to the total sample distribution. Responses concerning the highest level of education completed indicated that all but one of the administrators had some college training, including two-thirds with a master'smas·ter's n.A master's degree. ..... Click the link for more information. or doctoral degree. All but five administrators reported being in their current job for 1-10 years, and most had worked as early childhood education administrators for more than a decade. Teachers. Table 3 shows the demographic data for the teacher survey subsample (n = 109). By far, the majority of teacher survey respondents were classroom teachers. In addition, six speech/language pathologists
Max Bielschowsky
Paul Ehrlich - (1854 - 1915)
Gustav Giemsa - (1867 - 1948) (see Giemsa stain)
Ludwig Grünwald
William Boog Leishman - (1865 - 1926) (see leishmaniasis)
Richard May
Frank Burr Mallory (1862 - 1941) (see Mallory bodies)
and four teacher assistants completed the teacher survey. While the race/ethnicity of the teacher survey subsample reflected the total sample distribution, it should be noted that the majority of the participants (87 percent) were of European Europeanemanating from or pertaining to Europe.
European bat lyssavirussee lyssavirus.European beech treefagussylvaticus.European blastomycosissee cryptococcosis. and African American decent. More than half of the teacher survey respondents had college degrees. Nearly two-thirds reported being in their current job for up to five years and another 24 percent for 5-10 years. Approximately two-thirds of the teachers reported working in the field of early childhood education for 1-10 years. Measures Two types of measures--a program administrator survey and a teacher survey--were developed to investigate current practices associated with the referral, evaluation, and placement process for preschool ELLs. A literature search was conducted to identify trends and issues related to ELLs and the special education referral, evaluation, and placement process for ELL students. Questions were drafted for each category of services (referral, evaluation, placement) to obtain information related to both ELL children and their families. A cover sheet was added that explained the purpose of the survey, included instructions for completing the survey, and asked participants for personal demographic information (name and contact information). Other personal demographics The attributes of people in a particular geographic area. Used for marketing purposes, population, ethnic origins, religion, spoken language, income and age range are examples of demographic data. were included at the end of the survey (position, gender, race/ethnicity, number of years in early childhood, preservice and inservice training). In addition, program directors were asked to provide information, such as type of program (e.g., public school kindergarten kindergarten [Ger.,=garden of children], system of preschool education. Friedrich Froebel designed (1837) the kindergarten to provide an educational situation less formal than that of the elementary school but one in which children's creative play instincts would be , private child care center), service area (rural, urban, suburban), and teaching staff characteristics (e.g., number of bilingual bi·lin·gual adj.1. a. Using or able to use two languages, especially with equal or nearly equal fluency.b. staff). Each measure was piloted with early childhood professionals, and questions were revised accordingly. Both surveys comprised multiple choice and short answer open-ended questions A closed-ended question is a form of question, which normally can be answered with a simple "yes/no" dichotomous question, a specific simple piece of information, or a selection from multiple choices (multiple-choice question), if one excludes such non-answer responses as dodging a . The administrator survey consisted of 45 questions and the teacher survey contained 36 questions. Questions concerning the referral process focused on language proficiencyLanguage proficiency or linguistic proficiency is the ability of an individual to speak or perform in an acquired language. As theories vary among pedagogues as to what constitutes proficiency[1], there is little consistency as to how different organisations ..... Click the link for more information. in the home language (two questions), English language proficiency (three questions), and the preschool screening process (four questions). The surveys included a total of four diagnostic evaluation diagnostic evaluation Workup Medtalk An evaluation used to diagnose disease Components Medical Hx, CXR or other images, collection of specimens from blood for lab analysis process questions on each of the following topics: the instruments used, the language in which they were administered, the evaluation administration process, and strategies used to meet the needs of ELL children during diagnostic evaluations. Two questions were asked about administrators' and teachers' perceptions of how language and cultural diversity needs were taken into account during the IEP IEPIn currencies, this is the abbreviation for the Irish Punt.Notes:The currency market, also known as the Foreign Exchange market, is the largest financial market in the world, with a daily average volume of over US $1 trillion. process. The surveys contained five questions to learn about accommodations for parents of ELLs throughout the referral, evaluation, and placement process. Additionally, administrators were asked six questions about the skills and training of their teaching staff. The surveys took 20-30 minutes to complete. Procedures Initially, a doctoral student recruited programs through telephone or face-to-face(jargon, chat) face-to-face - (F2F, IRL) Used to describe personal interaction in real life as opposed to via some digital or electronic communications medium. ..... Click the link for more information. interviews with the program/school administrator. The doctoral student was trained on confidentiality procedures; interviewing techniques; methods for identifying possible programs/schools from each program type (e.g., Head Start, public schools, community child care centers) and according to state regions; and guidelines guidelines,n.pl a set of standards, criteria, or specifications to be used or followed in the performance of certain tasks. for documenting and organizing recruitment activities and data entry. During the recruitment interviews, program administrators were asked if: 1) they enrolled children ages 3-4 years old, 2) they enrolled children who were English language learners, and 3) they enrolled children with disabilities. Forty-nine programs that met these criteria were asked to participate in the study. Once it was determined that a program was eligible to participate in the study, packets of consent letters and surveys were mailed or delivered in person to program administrators, who disseminated disseminated /dis·sem·i·nat·ed/ (-sem´i-nat?ed) scattered; distributed over a considerable area.
dis·sem·i·nat·edadj.Spread over a large area of a body, a tissue, or an organ. and collected them. Completed surveys were placed in an envelope to ensure confidentiality. Follow-up follow-up,n the process of monitoring the progress of a patient after a period of active treatment.
follow-upsubsequent.
follow-up plan phone calls and e-mails were made as needed as needed prn. See prn order. during the data collection process. During the implementation of the project, a concern arose regarding the disproportional dis·pro·por·tion·al adj.Disproportionate.
dispro·por responses by geographic region. Therefore, in order to ensure a statewide perspective on the topic, such agencies as the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction's Division of Exceptional Children and Head Start regional consultants were contacted to disseminate dis·sem·i·nate v. dis·sem·i·nat·ed, dis·sem·i·nat·ing, dis·sem·i·natesv.tr.1. To scatter widely, as in sowing seed.2. additional surveys during program meetings. The responses for each survey were entered into an Excel A full-featured spreadsheet for Windows and the Macintosh from Microsoft. It can link many spreadsheets for consolidation and provides a wide variety of business graphics and charts for creating presentation materials. spreadsheet spreadsheetComputer software that allows the user to enter columns and rows of numbers in a ledgerlike format. Any cell of the ledger may contain either data or a formula that describes the value that should be inserted therein based on the values in other cells. . Two individuals verified ver·i·fy tr.v. ver·i·fied, ver·i·fy·ing, ver·i·fies1. To prove the truth of by presentation of evidence or testimony; substantiate.2. the results for each item against the original protocol to ensure accuracy. Two individuals independently read and coded responses to open-ended questions to look for similar patterns and themes for each question on the two surveys. Differences in coding categories were discussed and reconciled for each question. Two sets of data analyses were conducted to examine the beliefs and practices of early childhood regular and special education professionals. First, descriptive data were examined by administrators, teachers, and for the overall sample. Second, data were examined to understand patterns of similarities and differences for each research question and area of service (referral, evaluation, placement). Percentages were calculated by using SPSS A statistical package from SPSS, Inc., Chicago (www.spss.com) that runs on PCs, most mainframes and minis and is used extensively in marketing research. It provides over 50 statistical processes, including regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. 14.0 for each multiple-choice mul·ti·ple-choiceadj.1. Offering several answers from which the correct one is to be chosen: a multiple-choice question.2. question and coded response for each survey. It should be noted that percentages for some questions exceeded 100 percent, since multiple answers were allowed. Results Referral Process Questions about language proficiency in the home language, English proficiency, and the preschool screening process were included to better understand beliefs and practices concerning the referral process. The results pertaining per·tain intr.v. per·tained, per·tain·ing, per·tains1. To have reference; relate: evidence that pertains to the accident.2. to these aspects of the referral process are as follows. Language Proficiency. Five questions about language proficiency were included in the surveys--two pertaining to home language proficiency and three concerning English language proficiency. Administrators and teachers reported the same top three methods for both identifying the child's home language and determining the amount of proficiency for the home language (shown in Table 4), including: meetings with parents at school, written forms completed by parents, and home visits. Results for the third question, which pertained to how English language proficiency was determined, suggest that observations at school, language proficiency tests, and home observations are the most frequent methods used. When asked to identity the language proficiency tests used for this purpose, administrators most frequently cited two instruments: the IDEA Oral Language Proficiency Test (IPT IPT - IP Telephony II) and the Miami-Dade Oral Language Proficiency Test. It is interesting to note that the third most prevalent instrument reported was the DIAL-3, a developmental screen. In fact, teachers reported the DIAL-3 as the most prevalent instrument for assessing English language proficiency, followed by nonspecificnonspecific /non·spe·cif·ic/ (non?spi-sif´ik)1. not due to any single known cause.2. not directed against a particular agent, but rather having a general effect.
nonspecific1. ..... Click the link for more information. speech/language tests, and the Miami-Dade Oral Language Proficiency Test. The last question asked how English language proficiency information was used. Administrators reported using this information for individualized in·di·vid·u·al·ize tr.v. in·di·vid·u·al·ized, in·di·vid·u·al·iz·ing, in·di·vid·u·al·iz·es1. To give individuality to.2. To consider or treat individually; particularize.3. planning, and to determine how well ELL children communicate and the language spoken by their family, or whether a referral was needed. The teachers' responses indicated the same reasons, but in a slightly different order of frequency with determining how well children can communicate and the language of the family the most frequent way the information was used, followed by whether further referral was needed and for individualized planning purposes. Screening Process. To better understand teachers' beliefs and practices concerning developmental screening for preschool ELLs, four questions were included in the survey, as shown in Table 5. The first question simply asked respondents to identify the developmental screening instrument(s) they use. Both administrators and teachers reported the DIAL-3 as being the most prevalent screening instrument used (46.2 percent and 53.8 percent, respectively). Administrators reported using the Head Start National Reporting System and the Brigance as the next most frequently used screening instruments, while teachers reported using the Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic (LAP-D LAP-D Link Access Protocol - D Channel ) and the Brigance. In response to the next question (about the number of times per year children are screened), administrators and teachers alike reported that the majority of children were screened one time per year (47.8 percent and 40.5 percent, respectively). Approximately 40 percent of respondents reported screening children twice a year, and a small number of respondents stated that children were screened three times a year. A few teachers indicated a combination of times, depending on the instrument used. Almost all of the respondents reported that most developmental screens were administered in English. Spanish was the second most frequently spoken language, and a few teachers reported other languages spoken, including Hmong, French, Vietnamese, and Arabic. In the fourth question related to screening, participants were asked to identify the process they used to screen ELLs more precisely. Administrators and teachers were in agreement about the most frequently used strategies, including: administering the screening in children's home children's home n → centro de acogida para niñoschildren's home n → foyer m d'accueil (pour enfants)children's home n language; having an interpreter A high-level programming language translator that translates and runs the program at the same time. It translates one program statement into machine language, executes it, and then proceeds to the next statement. assist with the screening; administering missed items in the opposite language; and administering the screen in English only. Sixty percent of administrators and 49 percent of teachers indicated that interpreters received training related to the screening process. Diagnostic Evaluation Process. Four questions about the diagnostic evaluation process were included in the survey, as shown in Table 6. First, participants were asked to identify the language(s) in which the diagnostic evaluations were administered. The responses were similar to those about the screening responses, with participants indicating that most diagnostic evaluations are administered in English, followed by Spanish, and then other languages (Arabic, French, Hmong, Icelandic, and Vietnamese). Second, participants were asked to identify the diagnostic assessment instruments used during the evaluation process. Approximately one-fifth of both administrators and teachers reported the Preschool Language Scale-4 as being the most prevalent instrument used during the diagnostic evaluation process. Administrators reported the DIAL3 and Bayley Bayley is a surname, and may refer to:
Arthur Wellesley Bayley
Barrington J. Bayley
Blaze Bayley
Elizabeth Ann Seton, born Elizabeth Ann Bayley
Hugh Bayley
Ian Bayley
James Roosevelt Bayley
John Bayley
Matheson Bayley
Peter Bayley
Scales of Infant Development-Third Edition as the next most frequently used instruments. Teachers reported the DIAL-3, even though it is a screening tool, as the most frequently used instrument used for diagnostic evaluations, followed by the Learning Accomplishment Profile-Revised (LAP-R)/Learning Accomplishment Profile-Third Edition (LAP-3). Next, participants were asked to indicate other strategies used to gather information during the diagnostic evaluation process. By far, both administrators and teachers (74.2 percent and 88.4 percent, respectively) reported classroom observations as the most prevalent method for obtaining information relevant to the diagnostic evaluation process. To a lesser extent, screening tools and parent reports, work samples, and home visits were other methods used to gather evaluation information. Lastly, respondents were asked to describe the process used for diagnostic evaluation of ELLs. Administrators and teachers reported three main strategies used to facilitate this process: administering assessments in children's home language, having an interpreter assist with the screening, and administering missed items in the opposite language. Forty-two percent of administrators and 27 percent of teachers stated that interpreters received training related to assisting with the diagnostic evaluation process. Placement-IEP Process. As depicted de·pict tr.v. de·pict·ed, de·pict·ing, de·picts1. To represent in a picture or sculpture.2. To represent in words; describe. See Synonyms at represent. in Table 7, participants were asked how IEP goals reflected the culture of ELL children. Forty percent of the teachers reported they did not know the answer to this question. Of the remaining 60 percent, approximately 40 percent of both administrators and teachers reported that cultural and language differences were taken into account in the children's IEPs. Almost 30 percent of administrators and 20 percent of teachers reported that parent participation helped ensure this aspect in the IEP goals. Unfortunately, nearly a quarter of the administrators and 18 percent of teachers said no effort was made to reflect cultural and linguistic differences in IEPs.
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